The Science of Kathkuni Architecture in Himachal Pradesh

Abstract

Vernacular architecture is more than a construction method—it is a repository of culture, environment, and identity. In the Himalayan state of Himachal Pradesh, Kathkuni architecture, characterized by its distinctive use of interlocked wood and stone layers, has long embodied a sustainable and earthquake-resilient building tradition. For centuries, it shaped the spatial, social, and cultural landscape of the Kullu Valley. However, in recent decades, Kathkuni structures have increasingly been replaced by reinforced concrete cement (RCC) buildings. This paper investigates the reasons behind this architectural shift, analyzing the socio-economic, cultural, and environmental dimensions of the transition from Kathkuni to concrete. Using a combination of literature review, site observations, ethnographic interviews, and comparative architectural analysis, this study finds that government subsidies for concrete housing, rising timber costs, scarcity of skilled artisans, and shifting aspirations tied to urbanization and tourism are the main factors driving the decline of Kathkuni. While concrete structures are perceived as cost-effective, modern, and low-maintenance, their ecological footprint, limited lifespan, and detachment from cultural identity make them less sustainable. In contrast, Kathkuni homes offer superior resilience to earthquakes, environmental harmony, and cultural continuity. The research highlights the urgency of safeguarding Kathkuni architecture through policy reforms, awareness programs, and hybrid construction models that merge traditional knowledge with modern needs. The paper concludes that the decline of Kathkuni is not only a material shift but also a cultural loss, with long-term implications for environmental sustainability, community cohesion, and regional identity.