Deconstructing vaccine hesitancy: an interplay of knowledge, trust, and confidence across different populations

Abstract

Vaccines are one of the most effective tools in preventing contagious, dangerous and deadly diseases, and immunization programs are considered amongst the most important public health achievements worldwide. They have helped in eradicating diseases such as small pox, and contributed to the elimination of diseases such as poliomyelitis, neonatal tetanus, and rubella in many regions of the world, while reducing mortality and hospitalization rates and increasing life expectancy. Vaccines have been around for more than two centuries, evolving with changing times, from live attenuated vaccines to vector vaccines, and to mRNA vaccines. However, the differences in their design and mechanism of action are often not fully understood by the general population and this lack of understanding combined with other factors can heavily influence public mistrust in vaccines and other medical treatments.

This study provides a comparative overview of the major vaccine types and their mechanisms of action. To complement this analysis, a cross-sectional survey was conducted across diverse groups to assess public knowledge, perception, and behaviour regarding vaccine safety. The findings highlight vaccine knowledge, awareness, acceptance, and perceived risks across different demographics. The insights gained aim to support improvements in public health communication strategies.