[Ibuprofen in the Environment: Chemical Behavior and Ecological Impact in Freshwater Systems]

Abstract

Pharmaceutical contamination of freshwater systems is one of the most pressing environmental challenges of our time, with ibuprofen used to exemplify the risks posed by over-the-counter (OTC) drugs. Even at sub-lethal concentrations, ibuprofen is ubiquitous in surface water, groundwater, and treated effluents, which can contain up to about 1 mg/L and is detected due to high use and frequent improper disposal. Its chemical and biophysical properties support ibuprofen's persistence in aquatic environments and contributes to the failure of traditional wastewater treatment ability to remove all contaminants and byproducts. Environmental research has shown that ibuprofen and its transformation products can negatively affect aquatic life at sub-lethal concentrations such as fish, algae, and invertebrates. Global case studies prepared by Europe, Korea, and the United States confirm its ubiquitous occurrence as well as additional local risks from treatment and infrastructure differences. The ecological consequences of ibuprofen found in freshwater systems can alter food web dynamics, cause biodiversity losses, and continue chronic exposures. Changes to treatment and infrastructure requires technology to formulate new advanced treatment processes and behavior changes, such as take-back programs and public awareness campaigns. Ibuprofen illustrates the broader issue of pharmaceutical pollution in freshwater ecosystems, underscoring the urgent need for integrative management strategies and science-based policies to safeguard environmental and public health.