The Path to Global Interoperability: Evaluating IEC 62196 and NACS as Solutions to the Fragmentation of Electric Vehicle Charging Standards.
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.58445/rars.4007Keywords:
Electric vehicles, EV charging standards, Interoperability, IEC 62196, North American Charging Standard (NACS), Combined Charging System (CCS), CHAdeMO, Universal Converter, Charging infrastructure, ISO 15118Abstract
As electric vehicle (EV) adoption continues to increase worldwide, differences among charging standards remain a major obstacle to widespread adoption. The absence of a unified charging protocol. In their stead, a handful of competing charging standards have emerged on the market, namely Combined Charging System, the first and foremost fast-charging standard for electric vehicles (EVs) introduced in Japan in 2010 (CHAdeMO), and the North American Charging Standard (NACS) of the Tesla corporation.xa
This paper proposes a concept called the Universal Converter, a smart adapter that helps electric vehicles and charging stations with different charging standards work together.
Based on the reviewed literature, this paper concludes that achieving global interoperability will require both standardized hardware and compatible communication protocols. The proposed Universal Converter is presented as a conceptual solution that could bridge existing charging standards without requiring immediate replacement of current infrastructure.
References
Ali, S., & Mustafa, M. (2020). Barriers facing Micro-encapsulated Phase Change Materials Slurry (MPCMS) in Photovoltaic Thermal (PV/T) application. Energy Reports, 6, 565–570. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egyr.2020.11.012
André, F. R., & Aboelkheir, M. G. (2022). Sustainable approach of applying previous treatment of tire wastes as raw material in cement composites: Review. Materials Today Proceedings, 58, 1557–1565. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2022.03.456
Boudmen, K., Ghazi, A. E., Eddaoudi, Z., Aarab, Z., & Rahmani, M. D. (2024). Electric vehicles, the future of transportation powered by machine learning: a brief review. Energy Informatics, 7(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s42162-024-00379-3
Cohen, S., Iyer, G., Brown, M., Macknick, J., Wise, M., Binsted, M., Voisin, N., Rice, J., & Hejazi, M. (2021). How structural differences influence cross-model consistency: An electric sector case study. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 144, 111009. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2021.111009
Electric vehicles and chargers. (2024, April 4). Energy.gov. https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/electric-vehicles-and-chargers
Gül, T., Fernandez Pales, A., Connelly, E., Alsauskas, O., Daou, A., Gouy, A., Huismans, M., Kim, H., Le Marois, J.-B., McDonagh, S., Petropoulos, A., & Teter, J. (2023). Global EV Outlook 2023. In Global EV Outlook 2023 [Report]. International Energy Agency. https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/dacf14d2-eabc-498a-8263-9f97fd5dc327/GEVO2023.pdf
Hsu, C., Li, H., & Lu, S. (2013). A dynamic marketing model for hybrid electric vehicles: A case study of Taiwan. Transportation Research Part D Transport and Environment, 20, 21–29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2013.01.001
IEEE Xplore Full-Text PDF: (n.d.). https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10102467&isnumber=10005208
Memon, M., & Rossi, C. (2025). A review of EV adoption, charging standards, and charging infrastructure growth in Europe and Italy. Batteries, 11(6), 229. https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries11060229
Morgan, J. (2020). Electric vehicles: the future we made and the problem of unmaking it. Cambridge Journal of Economics, 44(4), 953–977. https://doi.org/10.1093/cje/beaa022
Villarreal, C., Plugged In Strategies, Worthington, K., Sass Byrnett, D., Loiter, J., Ryor, J., & Keohane, S. (2022a). Considering interoperability for electric vehicle charging: a Commission case study. In National Association of Regulatory Utility Commissioners, National Institute for Standards and Technology, & U.S. Department of Commerce, National Association of Regulatory Utility Commissioners.
Villarreal, C., Plugged In Strategies, Worthington, K., Sass Byrnett, D., Loiter, J., Ryor, J., & Keohane, S. (2022b). Considering interoperability for electric vehicle charging: a Commission case study. In National Association of Regulatory Utility Commissioners, National Institute for Standards and Technology, & U.S. Department of Commerce, National Association of Regulatory Utility Commissioners.
Zaino, R., Ahmed, V., Alhammadi, A. M., & Alghoush, M. (2024). Electric Vehicle Adoption: A comprehensive systematic review of technological, environmental, organizational and policy impacts. World Electric Vehicle Journal, 15(8), 375. https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj15080375
Downloads
Posted
Categories
License
Copyright (c) 2026 Research Archive of Rising Scholars
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
