The Impact of Surface Geometry on Vortex Dynamics in Fluid Flows of Different Velocities

Abstract

This paper will investigate the subject of fluid behavior upon interaction with various geometries. Observations about the different shapes of airplane wings depending on the purpose of the plane caused questioning about the functionality of the wingshape in particular aerial conditions. These questions were further elaborated on and understood by constructing a model wind tunnel used to test numerous variations of objects to determine how air flow is affected by different characteristics of an aerial body, such as the wingtip of an airfoil creating vortices and what implications that may have on the fluid overall, similar to the intent of different cylindrical bodies and how the bluntness of their shape impacts the fluid. A multitude of tests at three different speeds, analyzed by the intensity and frequency of vortices, revealed that airfoils maintain stability with attached flow, while cylindrical and wavy shapes exhibit high drag, early separation, and, in the case of concave surfaces, extreme instability. Surface roughness acts as a velocity-dependent turbulator, reducing displacement at low speeds but catalyzing premature vortex shedding at higher velocities. These results have major implications for aerial and nautical travel in terms of efficiency, safety, and the extent of human travel.